Реферат: История коневодства в Тамбовской области
Horse-breeding in the Tambov
Area
Applicant:
Irina
Nikitina, the pupil of the 11 “B” form CG
Supervisors:
L.I.
Ivina, the teacher of Biology
L.N.
Kozhevnikova, the teacher of English
Tambov
1998
Historically
Tambov area has been known as the territory of chanters. By the
amount of private stud farms it challenged superiority of Voronezh,
Oryol and Kursk areas. The development of horse breeding in many
respects was promoted by two circumstances. First because of the
flood plains, where the herds freely grazed (only in one Morshansk
area today are left about 20 thousands hectares even after rash
ploughing up of a large part of flood plains). Secondly, and it is
also important, the deep pocket of the Tambov landowners. They had
large and sometimes fabulous capitals. So, one of brothers
Archarov’s, the holder of extensive lands in
Rasskasovo area, bestowed him by Katherine
П, handed the whole horse regiment to the Tambov national
militia in 1812, by putting on the horses his own bonded recruits. He
also gave regimentals, armed and supplied the regiment with
provisions for three months. Nobody in Russia made such generous gift
for army that time.
Count
Stroganov, princess Golitsina, general Lanskoy (the second husband of
Natalya Goncharova), Bashmakov - the Tambov millionaire and holder of
gold mines beyond Urals, old-line noblemen the Naryshkin’s, the
Arapov’s and many other had their own stud farms in Tambov
area. The Lavrovsky stud farm, which nowadays has worldwide glory,
was built in Tambov land by the landowner Voeykov.
The
merchantry tried not to drop behind from the aristocracy. One of the
Aseev’s brothers, the holder of Arzhenka cloth factory, has
purchased the stud farm from a widow of the local broken landowner
Kruchenkov. The example of Aseev, but without the raping, was
followed also by other industrial aces from the districts of the
region. It was considered very prestigiously.
We
should remember that horse-breeding remained one of the few worthy
commercial activities for the aristocrats. In 1840, when Chicherin,
the relative of our future Minister for Foreign Affairs, has opened
distillery in Lyada and the landowners Tulinov and Poltoratsky have
purchased cloth factories, noble society has apprehended it as
mauvais ton. But the pinces and dukes and members of the tsarist
family very well descended to trading horses from theirs stud farms.
All
reading Russia knew from the story by Turgenev about inveterate
chanters from the district city of Tambov region with a beautiful
name - Lebedyan. But only few know today, that the fans of equitation
created there the first Russian association and issued first
horseracing journal. Much earlier than in metropolis and Moscow, the
prize-winning horserace of Oryol trotters were arranged in Lebedyan.
Several years later the same association of equitation fans was also
established in Tambov. This association built on share contributions
the three-storey building for its club on former Dvortsovaya,
nowadays Sovietskaya Street, one of first in the center of our city
(now The Department of Communications). In this club the
horse-breeders from all Tambov districts met at card tables and in
the hall of extensive library.
The special page in a history of
domestic horse-breeding were written by the life copers brothers
Demin’s from Kozlov. They managed to get and turn over the
blooded trotters even from Khrenov farm of count Aleksey Orlov.
Although, only after his death.
While alive the count strictly forbade
selling his horses. Demin’s were in close friendship with
former count’s adscript Vasiliy Ivanovich Shishkin, the manager
of Khrenov farm. Shortly Shishkin opened his own stud farm.
The
abundance of private stud farms in the region produced big horse
fairs, beginning from Lebedyanskaya and finishing with Tokaryovskaya,
one of cheapest in country. On Tambov fairs the merchants came a long
way from European countries, and also from Persia and Turkey. Only in
1897 61 580 horses were exported from Russia. Each tenth of them was
purchased in Tambov region. On fairs they sold not only separate
horses, mainly it was the business of small copers, the owners of
stud farms sold the young grossly, by so-called stakes after one
famous stallion and different dams. Unblooded horses on Tambov fairs
were bought up for meat merchants from Denmark. A kilo of horsemeat
was equal in cost with a kilo of Danish butter. Vneshtorg knows the
price that the danish horsemeat lovers, the horsemeat is the
irreplaceable ingredient of top-grade sausage, are ready to pay us
for horses for meat.
Many
brilliant trotters were grown up on Tambov stud farms. In 1904 at
stud farm of Afanasyev in village Yaroslavka, now the territory of
Rzhaksa area was born grey stallion Krepysh. His father was
Gromadniy, the Imperial prizewinner, and the mother Koketka, the
grand daughter of Varvar – prizewinner from the farm of
well-known horse-breeder Rogov. Changing hands, Krepysh in a 1907
stepped on the turfs of Moscow and St. Petersburg for the first time.
By his graceful pace he made a conquest of fans. Krepysh entered the
competitions for 79 times and in 55 races he was the first and he
established or improved 13 records. With heartache thousands of fans
witnessed a loss of Krepysh in February 1912 in Moscow to the
American trotter General Age. They did not blame their favorite but
his american jockey William Keaton, who, they believed, intentionally
drive Krepysh in a wrong way.
The Novotomnikovo stud farm
The
stud farm in Novotomnikovo played a large part in the history of
domestic horse-breeding; it was founded by count Illarion Ivanovich
Vorontsov-Dashkov in 1860 and still exists now. In short time he
bought up the best orlov’s stallions and dams, paying no
attention to the prices.
His
new stud farm in Tambov area got famous after his bonded jockey
Oblopokhin on the stallion Zadorniy beat all capital jockeys on the
horses from the best prize-winning stables in St. Petersburg in 1861.
Zadorniy made three versts for 6 minutes and 6 seconds.
Vorontsov-Dashkov
opened a new era in horseracing after he became in 1882 a state
manager of horse-breeding at tzar Alexander III request. At that time
he was the defense and domestic minister in the rank of adjutant
general.
He turned
the horse-breeding from lairds’ merry-making into real
commerce. The prices on the private stud farms were raised up. The
owners of stud farms in Moscow or St. Petersburg could be lucky
enough and win whole bags in one racing season.
In
the last quarter of 19th century in a pursuit of high prizes the
american jockeys began to appear in St. Petersburg and Moscow more
and more often on theirs so-called “two-minutes” trotters
– they cover a mile (1600 meters) for two minutes and some
seconds.
One
of the first to Russia from America came Clayton’s, the
well-known jockey family – the father and sons with their own
trotters. They established the prize-winning stable and began the
manufacturing of modern very light carts with rubber wheels. Very
soon they were unrivalled on the racecourses of Moscow and St.
Petersburg. One year Clayton and sons won almost all prizes and
earned more than 300,000 rubles. The horse-breeders got agitated and
began to repine. Some of them rushed to buy the very expensive
American trotters. Other protested demanding to forbid the
performance of American trotters in Russia.
In
such conditions Vorontsov-Dashkov, as a head of domestic
horse-breeding, had to make a decision. He found a compromise. The
prizes were divided into two groups. One was for the horses of all
breeds, other only for Oryol trotters. But nevertheless, the count
preferred American trotters. «The only criterion of quality of
a horse I consider a prize pole», - he told later. With such
reasoning Vorontsov-Dashkov made vigorous efforts buying American
trotters, not only for his stud farm and prize-winning stables in St.
Petersburg and Moscow, but also for state stud farms.
Vorontsov-Dashkov
was interested in cross-breeding more than anybody else. He always
was present at horsing, sitting under a glass cap at center above one
of the stables. The count considered it to be so important, that
often forced his spouse Elizaveta Andreevna (Shuvalova before
marriage) to be present on it with visitors, which were in
Novotomnikovo that time. The visitors were only grand people: the
members of tzar family, which arrival was marked with planting of one
more tree in oak alley of ancient park. Such as relatives of four
daughters married off in families of Shuvalov’s, Sheremetyev’s,
Musin-Pushkin’s, and Demidov’s.
The
conversations about horses touched common interest, as all
aristocracy had stables and stud farms. This kind of private business
was considered to be almost the only activity that is not derogating
dignity of a true aristocrat.
By
the end of 19th century on private and state stud farms in Russia
there were 20 trotters prizewinners of an American origin. In the
mass order there was a crossing of blooded Oryol dams with American
trotters.
The
most given was Vorontsov-Dashkov. Even two victories of “oryols”
over “americans” in summer season of 1898 didn’t
cool him. The Oryol trotter Boets broke the record on three miles
established by American trotter Monnet. His own mare Krylataya broke
the record of Monnet on three and three quarters of second in the
same season. But he had made the choice, « his knight's move »,
and was not going to back up. Soon the count accepted on a service
all jockeys of Clayton’s family with the fantastic salary 300
thousands rubles per year.
The
outstanding scientist hippologist prince Sergei Urusov engaged in
controversy against Vorontsov-Dashkov. Urusov considered
cross-breeding «as a medicine not by illness». «The
only developing of ability to quick trot, as they have made with the
trotter in America, - he wrote, - will result in quick but narrow,
boneless, long-legged horse without rib and quite often without a
back and completely useless in agriculture. It is necessary to
improve inside the breed. Bad can be born even from good but never
good from bad ».
Many
years have passed since then and this dispute has not finished yet.
After
the death of the count Vorontsov-Dashkov in 1916 his heirs, going to
leave the country, arranged cut-price sale of all horses’ elite
of the farm. In Soviet time it became only a branch of state stud
farm in Morshansk.
By
1918 in Novotomnikovo left only three blooded mares of Oryol breed.
Horses were taken from stables both by “red” and “white”.
The very nice farm before now it fell to desolation and, as the
saying goes, the farm was going. For long time it was existing only
as horsing point, on which only a dozen of mares were blissomed per
year.
By a
lucky chance among the three left blooded Oryol dams there was the
young mare Opora. Later she was bound to play the outstanding role in
domestic horse-breeding and to save the breed of Oryol trotters from
complete oblivion. In a 1934 she gave birth to a colt named Otboy.
His father was stallion Burelom born in 1927. The Moscow scientist
hippologist S. Kalinin liked this streamlined trotter after the
Moscow races in 1930 and advised to pay the special attention to him.
Meanwhile
stud farms kept cross-breeding of Oryol trot horses, what was started
before the revolution. Only now they cross-breed blooded Oryol mares
not with American trotters, the state did not give money to buy them,
but with crossbreeds’ posterity. At first they were called
“american-oryols”, then just Russian trotters. They were
propagated on six stud farms, mainly on Lavrovsk farm in our region.
The big
work was performing continuously on creating and developing of that
new breed of thrifty trotters. The care for Oryol trotters was paled
into insignificance. The majority of the experts believed that this
breed had reached the limits of the further perfection. And, as it
turned out, they were wrong.
Today
in stalls of Novotomnikovo stud farm stay the good-lookers of Oryol
breed restored by the efforts of horse-breeding enthusiasts. The farm
fosterlings have reached friskiness, which once was considered
possible only for American trotters. Now the Russian troyka, made
from Oryol trotters revives abroad as the mode. The customers from
abroad readily buy them in Novotomnikovo.
One
cannot name the work on cross-breeding of Oryol trotter with American
one as reckless step. If due to Oryol trotter Russia gained the
improved breed of working horses in place of bow-backed hacks with
bangled stomachs, then the cross-breeding of Oryol horse gave the new
breed of Russian trotter of distinct sportish type.
There
is no other animal like horse the mankind is so indebted to. Without
the count Aleksei Orlov we would not have Oryol trotters, which bring
glory to Russia for many years, making an ornament to our nation. We
would not receive a trotter, which is used for breed improvement of
trotting horses almost in all countries of Western Europe, and also
in Asia and America.
For
the revirescence of beautiful Oryol trotter we are obliged to S.
Kasimenko. It was him, who managed the farm and choose the dams for
Burelom. In such selection the ancestry of dams is very important,
down to their great-grandfathers and great-grandmothers and even
deeper into a family tree. All their features and qualities are taken
into account. All was clear with Burelom, the son of distinguished
Oryol trotter Lovchiy. Maternally his bloodline ascended to the
famous stallion Zadorniy, who brought the first glory to
Novotomnikovo farm of Vorontsov-Dashkov. But the mare Opora, born
even before October revolution, was in declining years for horses and
seemed to be not a suitable bride for young beauty Burelom. However
Kasimenko took chances. As we mentioned, stallion Otboy was born from
this unequal march. The careful godfather to him became A. Samoilov,
who replaced Kasimenko in a 1934.
At
first Otboy didn’t show anything special in posterity. They
have from him just common trotters and dams not distinguished by high
friskiness, only their exterior was faultless.
The
farm decided to part with Otboy. He was sent to other stud farm. And
here we should say thanks to A. Popov, who was the head of horse
department during the Great Patriotic War. Popov decided to return
Otboy in Novotomnikovo. But the new head V. Remizov received him
there. Popov went to the front in 1943 and did not come back on farm,
as well as other 36 workers of farm - hostlers, jockeys, foragers,
tractor operators, smiths didn’t return here after war.
Remizov
had been working in Novotomnikovo till 1965, and in his time a new
line in breed of Oryol trotter was born and appeared the new branch
on his family tree. The grey colt Otklik came into being after Otboy
and mare Konventsiya on Zaporozhye stud farm in 1952. Konventsiya had
arrived on this farm from Novotomnikovo already pregnant. So all
palms for a new line of Oryol trotter belong to the stud farm in
Novotomnikovo.
The
posterity of Otklik appeared to be marvelously quick. The stallions
Vodovorot and Borets ran a mile for two minutes and four tenths of a
second.
The
interest to Oryol trotter has revived today all over the world.
Horses from Novotomnikovo have purchased the stud farms of
Czechoslovakia, Hungary, China, Germany, and Sweden. All America and
Canada have got acquainted with troika of Oryol trotters, where the
thiller was a trotter from Novotomnikovo farm. The millions of
televiewers in these countries admired them. Many newspapers of Old
and New World enthusiastically wrote about them.
The
Lavrovo stud farm
The
Lavrovo stud farm is located in Mordovian area of Tambov region and
stands out against other trotting stud farms because of the
achievements of its fosterlings.
Established
by the good judge of horses V.P. Voeykov 170 years ago, the Lavrovo
stud farm is one of «big fishes» of domestic trotters. Ii
is the birthplace of the well-known grey Oryol trotter Lebed 5.44
(Atlasniy - Pobeda), born in1829. He is on the pictures of the artist
N.G. Sverchkov and on the tapestry made by bondmaids from village
Lavrovo. These things are kept in the museum of horse-breeding of
TAA.
Till
the end of 80-th the farm in Lavrovo kept the path of cross-breeding.
During
the civil war the facilities were ruined, the horses were plundered.
They could save only one mare Margaritka 2.16,1 (Fatalist -
Binyonia), born in 1918, who later became a founder of dams family
and was the great-grandmother of Pervenets 2.00,4. During the
acquisition of the farm (1922-23) not only “Oryol-Americans”
got there, but also the Oryol trotters.
Since
1930 all Oryol dams were excluded from Lavrovo stud farm. Together
with mares half-breeds, which were brought on farm instead of Oryol
mares, also came the studhorse Aloisha 2.14,2 (Aloisha - Kreolka)
from the line of Peter The Great. There was started the line of
Aloisha and the line of Trepet – together with Smolensk farm.
In January 1935 from Aloisha and mare Paguba (the grand daughter of
Peter The Great) appeared the red stallion Podarok 2.02,1; 3.09,4;
4.17.4 – the pride of Lavrovo and the founder of one
progressive line in Russian trotter breed.
The
important part in the stud activity of the farm also played then the
lines of Iris (through Khorovod, Khor Kalinych, Interes), Nalim
(through Lunatik and Otprysk), Aksvort (through Viktor Vorti, Vampir,
Vzriv). The main was the method of cultivation ”in itself”
of the horses of desirable type using cross-breeding and in-breeding.
The crossing with lines of Aloisha and Gildeets had become one of the
bases of Lavrovo complex creation.
The
returned cross-breeding was also applied with Oryol stallions for the
improvement of horses exterior. The Oryol lines in remote ancestors
are traced in the best horses of the farm.
Through
the Oryol trotter Bunt 2.14.3 (Metsenat - Budushnost) the lines of
Podaga and blooded Boyar were enhanced. The daughters of Bunt could
be met in family trees of Vasilyok, Pervenets, Lazutchik, Pavodok,
Vopl.
All-Union
prize horse and founder of the line Podarok was selfed on Oryol
trotters Zadornov and Petushok. His best get: the sons Pervenets
2.00,4, Pryatel 2.03,4, Lazutchik 2.05,6, Park 2.10,4, Vopl 2.09,2,
Azot 2.06,3, Pereryv 2.07,6; 6.44,6, Lotus 2.09,9 and daughters
Povilika 2.09,3 (the mother of Prologue 2.06), Aplikatsiya 2.14,7
(the mother of Atlas 2.07,6) and Atmosfera, Podarok gave with dams,
who had the similar Oryol ancestors.
Only
from Podarok the farm had more than 298 colts. 20 among them are of
class 2.10 and even thriftier. The children of Podarok have won 17
international prizes: Priyatel, Pervenets and Lazutchik – 5
prizes each and Park - 2 prizes. No other stallion from our stud
farms had such a successful offspring.
The all-Union records of Podarok
were broken only 13 years later by his son from Masandra the Derby
racer Pervenets 2.00,4 р; 3.11,4 р; 4.11,2 р;
6.52,3 who was born in 1949. Podarok also gave from Argentina the
all-Union prizewinner Pryatel, born in1954 and the winner Lazutchik
(from Lazur); born in1959.
On Lavrovo stud farm was brought
up the all-Union prizewinner among two-year trotters Protalinka -
2.13,1 (Lucifer - Parallel), born in 1948. The prize of Protalinka is
the standard for two-year trotters.
During
the period before the war on Lavrovo stud farm was created the type
of a trotter distinguished by the harnessry forms, pedigree, good top
line, depth, strong dry limbs but which is a little craggy.
The
hybridists of the farm were constantly selecting by the type and
friskiness.
The
big job of creating the famous trotters on Lavrovo farm was made by
zootechnicians Y.N. Sarantsev (1920-1934), A.K. Brinken (the author
of selection, which gave Podarok), V.N. Zhardetskiy, K.V.
Voskresenskiy, R.I. Kalinin, who had been working here for 14 years
and was one of the founders of line of Podarok. Also he was the
author of the farm plan of line breeding in 1976-1975. On the
racecourses the trotters of Lavrovo stud farm were driven to the
victories by such jockeys as A.V. Zotov, A.A. Sorokin, N.R. Semichev,
M.G. Chudnenko, V.T. Novikov, A.P. Kreydin, V.Y. Kochetkov.
To
its 150-year jubilee the farm had 5 Derby trotters. These are
Pobeditel 2.11,7, Vecher 2.06,7, Arzamas 2.06,4, Pervenets 2.00,4,
Albom 2.03,9. In 1965 by the number of 2.10 class trotters the
Lavrovo stud farm was on the fourth in the country, and on the second
place in class 2.05. The first was the stud farm in Dubrovskiy.
However,
the period of success was followed by the long period of decline.
Mainly it could be explained by the fact, that the group of
studhorses didn’t have the appropriate stallions. Otprysk
2.09,3, Zheton 2.09,7, Zabiyaka 2.09 could not give a class horse in
60-es. And also the technology of breeding was inadequate. The horses
were not supplied with high-grade forages as many natural pastures
and the hayfields were ploughed up.
The
new progressive stage of selection began in 1971 with the coming of
standard breed stallion Low Hanover 1.59 (Bolshoy Star's Pride –
Lynd Deen). From this outstanding studhorse the farm gained 253
horses. Among them are: Ligatura 2.04,2, Velonia 2.03,2 r, Lan 2.05
r, Ghilka 2.07, Leeter 2.04,4 r, List 2.04,9, Vlastnyi Zhest 2.05,5,
Alt 2.06, Alzhir 2.07, Valezhnik 3.12,2 and other class trotters.
Such intensive use of the studhorse for the insemination of mares
with the dilute semen deserves attention of the horse-breeding
experts.
The
work with Low Hanover allowed to half-complete the dams group of the
farm with his daughters and grand daughters and improve the average
frisky parameter of dams on 3,6.
After
the use of Minion 2.11 (Napor – Mudraya Poslovitsa) and Low
Hanover in 60-es, the type of Lavrovo trotters was also changed. They
became more blooded and dry, lost roughness of a head, became less
massive but more vigorous and good-tempered.
The
descendants of Low Hanover showed the high results in a 1983. His
great-grandson Gopak 2.04,2 (Parket - Glubokaya) had become the sixth
derby trotter of the farm when he won a Grand all-Union prize. The
Low Hanover’s great-grandson Lepetun 2.07,6 (Parket - Lesostep)
won a Big three-year prize, and grandson Peak 2.03,8 (Kolchedan -
Programma) became the winner of World international prizes (in
Moscow) and «Villam» (in Hungary) and was the second in
the Elite prize.
On
January 1, 1984 195 trotters of 2.10 class and more frisky (the third
place on this parameter after the stud farms in Dubrovskoe and Elyan)
are brought up. 19 of them are of class 2.05 and friskier. The
trotters from Lavrovo won 33 international prizes.
Conditions
of creation and growing up of the hippodrome cracks in the Lavrovo
stud farm.
Brood
work.
The
hybridists from Lavrovo had to work much to transform the motley
brood structure into a valuable heart of the breed of Russian
trotters. Half a century ago the average dams’ measurements in
Lavrovo were 154,8-154,7-173-19 and met the requirements only of the
second class. Now there are 110 brood mares on the farm. Their
measurements meet the standard of the breed and make
159,5-162,1-183,3-19,6 cm. Average friskiness of the main dams
2.15,2, of the horsing dams - 2.14,9. Almost all mares ranked as
Elite class. With due regard on the farm they look at the growing up
of the “self-repair”: the age of more than 50 % of brood
horses included in selection is less than 10 years. The duly use of
young dams with high friskiness and good measurements, allows to
select mares in time, both by the age and quality of posterity.
More
than half of dams belong to the line of Volomait (through Low Hanover
and Apex Hanover), 22 mares are from the line of Podarok, 14 –
from the line of Trepet (through the daughters of Minion and Pavlin),
12 – of Nalim (daughters of Otprysk). There are several
representatives of the lines of Gildeets and Scotland. The related to
each other mares form the groups. The hybridists from the stud farm
try to save the most valuable dams nests.
According
to the selection plan the Lavrovo stud farm works with lines of
Podarok, Volomait, Aksvort, Gildeets, Scotland. The line of Volomait
was successfully developed on the farm through Kolchedan 1.58,8 r
(Low Hanover - Kaleriya), born in 1967, and also develops through
Parket 2.06,2 (Prolog - Prisma), born in 1972. The posterity of
Kolchedan has made about 180 heads, including classy Peak, Lokon,
Lukretsiy. Parket gave almost 100 horses. Among them are Gopak,
Lepetun, Aprel 2.08. Zalet 2.04,4 (Lazutchik - Zaletnaya) from the
line of Podarok was unsuccessfully used in 5 seasons, and he is
excluded from the mating plan for 1984.
The
work with the line of Gildeets was performed through Kolokolchik
2.08,6 (Konniy - Kolombina), but he also did not paid off and work
with this line was terminated.
Two
falls were received from Grand 2.04,8 r (Abrikos - Gugenotka), born
in 1976; the line of Scotland. The youngsters of Grand are blooded
but had not run on hippodromes yet. In this line the hopes were set
on the all-Union prizewinner Bubnoviy 3.11,2 (Bill Hanover -
Bastiliya), born in 1977, who just began to procreate offsprings on
the farm. More than 20 mares were selected for him.
Almost
for 10 years the farm had been working with the line of Nalim through
Linkor 2.07,5 (Aprichnik - Lotereya), born in 1971. Though he gave
Globus from Gubka, Lakolin from Luna, his use was limited since he
transmitted to posterity the narrow underjaw. The work with this line
was continued through Kropot (Charodei - Kreolka), born in1977. In
cross-breedings with the lines of Podarok and Volomait and in remote
in-breedings with grand daughters of Lunatik for Kropot was appointed
20 mares.
The
main method in selection is the selection for in-breeding, usually
moderate and occasionally - close in-breeding for the test of
studhorses and dams.
The
wide use of the stallions of standard breeding is the tendency in
brood work. The big hopes were set on the use of Blesk, for who about
30 mares were picked up. It was desirable for the farm to receive the
deeply frozen semen of standard bred Repriz and Victorious Speed.
2-3 months prior to the beginning
of a horsing season The Head Of Horse Department A. Yakimov, the
veterinary by education, checked the physiological condition of
прохолостевших
and young mares. The horsing was conducted under the control of the
follicle maturation. It saves stallions and increases the percentage
of colt fetation.
Horse
feeding on the stud farm is organized properly. The sowing of
long-term grasses is enlarged thus improving the fodder base. After
the ending of horsing period the dams are constantly on the pasture
and they are weatherproofed. The stud horses are kept in stables,
constructed many years ago. Here is used the standard technology of
growing up the youngsters. Usually they start to gentle the
youngsters when they reach 1 year.
The
collective of Lavrovo stud farm regularly achieves the high fetation
of mares and high youngsters output.
Experienced
jockeys on 6 hippodromes of the country test the trotters from
Lavrovo: in Moscow, Kiev, Kharkov, Odessa, Tallinn, Tambov.
The State Stables
Many
sources of dynamic development of the city went back to the first
half of the 19th century. Among them was the process of formation of
the state stables. It was connected to the resolving of certain
military strategic problems: the Russian army needed strong and hardy
horses. Therefore the problem of the improvement of mass
horse-breeding remained urgent for many decades.
The
attempts on improvement of horses’ quality were undertaken in
Russia in 1789-1799, then appeared the first state stables. In 1836,
according to the decree of Nikolai I, they returned to these problems
again.
In
Tambov the state stable appeared in 1837 in northwest suburb of the
city.
The
ensemble from two stone buildings and hospital for the animals at the
center of internal courtyard was erected in1848. Historically,
trotters were placed in the white building of the stables and
heavyweights - in the round one.
The
gate, decorated with a head of a horse connected the foreside
buildings. In ancient times the horse head was a symbol of power for
the Scythians, and for our recent ancestors it was a symbol of
happiness.
The
street along the stable buildings with the lapse of time got the name
Konyushennaya. The building of the Tambov State stable is not only
the architectural monument of the first half of 19th century, but
also the monument of horse-breeding history of Russia.
In
the system of stud farms the most important part belonged to the
hippodromes. The tests on the hippodrome were obligatory for the
selection of saddle-horses and trotters. By their results was
performed the animals selection for breeding: on friskiness,
endurance and sport qualities of horses. The Tambov hippodrome was
one of oldest; it followed the stables and appeared in a valley of
Studenets in 1837. In 1876 the racing hippodrome was reconstructed
according to the needs of time.
The
construction of stables and hippodrome made active local fans of
horse sport and had formed the basis for the stud farms association.
Since
1845 the association had been renting the ground floor of Public
library (Sovietskaya 114), where the methods of improvement of the
horse-breeding were discussed as one of the important branches of the
region economy.
The
assemblies nominated prizes for trotters and racehorses. In the
competitions participated not only the horses of landowners, but also
the horses from farms. The data on the most interesting prize-winners
were given in «The stud farm book of Russian trotters »,
issued in St.-Petersburg in 1892.
The
competitions and races were usually organized after Tambov horse
fairs. They were conducted in June and October of each year on the
fairground to the north of the stables.
On
Tambov fair they drove the horses from herds by the special cattle
roads; and the dealers bought animals here and sent them in Moscow
and St. Petersburg.
In
the middle of 19th century up to 300 horses of different breeds from
trotters to draught horses were driven to the fair from the stud
farms of the region. The prices differed from 30 to 800 rubles
depending on the genuineness. Full information about the fairs was
published in the special editions like «The Horse Fairs in
Russia».
Annually
in Tambov took place the exhibitions of farm horses for agricultural
needs. The best samples were awarded with the appropriate premiums.
The
wars of last and new centuries have tragically reduced the number of
wonderful animals, bred in the region by the efforts of many
generations. The working conditions of Tambov State stables were also
complicated. Nevertheless, some traditions of Russian horse-breeding
were saved there.
The
history of the soviet period is marked with new prizewinners and
famous Russian troika.
Many
years the school of horse sports was working in the stables, where
12-year's old boys and girls were taught the bases of equitation and
mainly – the love to this wonderful animals.
In
the soviet period the state stable was often visited by one of the
first marshals of The Union S.M. Budenniy. The Tambov hippodrome was
named after him.
Today
the live stock of the horses in Tambov region is decreased
dramatically and this process continues. The annual reduction is
600-800 heads.
The
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